Níveis séricos de vitamina D e urinários de KIM-1 e MCP-1 em pacientes com anemia falciforme / Serum levels of vitamin D, and urinary levels of KIM-1 and MCP-1 in patients with sickle cell anemia

Objetivo: realizar dosagens de biomarcadores de função renal não convencionais em pacientes com anemia falciforme e associar com os níveis séricos de vitamina D. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo observacional, analítico de corte transversal. Participaram do estudo 51 pacientes adultos com anemia falciforme, e o grupo controle foi composto por 17 adultos saudáveis doadores de sangue. Os níveis séricos de 25- hidroxi-vitamina D foram determinados por imunoensaio quimioluminecente de micropartículas (CMIA), e a função renal foi avaliada pelas dosagens de molécula-1 de lesão renal (KIM-1) e proteína-1 quimiotática de monócitos (MCP-1). Os resultados foram expressos como mediana (intervalo interquartil). Os testes t-Student de amostras independentes, análise de variância de Welch e teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis foram realizados para comparar as diferenças entre os grupos. Resultados: os pacientes apresentaram níveis séricos de vitamina D superiores ao grupo controle, além de uma maior prevalência de suficiência de vitamina D. Os níveis urinários de KIM-1 e MCP-1 estavam aumentados nos pacientes em relação ao grupo controle. Não houve relação entre baixos níveis séricos de vitamina D e a probabilidade de desenvolvimento de doença renal. Conclusões: este estudo fornece dados importantes sobre a prevalência da deficiência de vitamina D em pacientes com anemia falciforme e demonstra não haver relação entre baixos níveis de vitamina D e desenvolvimento de doença renal.

Objective: to measure non-conventional renal function biomarkers in patients with sickle cell anemia and associate them with serum levels of vitamin D. Method: this is an observational, analytical, cross-sectional study. Fifty-one adult patients with sickle cell anemia participated in the study, and the control group consisted of 17 healthy adult blood donors. Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D were determined by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA), and renal function was assessed by measuring urinary Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1) and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1). Results were expressed as median (interquartile range). Student's t-test, Welch analysis of variance, and non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test were performed to compare differences between groups. Results: patients had higher serum levels of vitamin D than the control group, besides a higher prevalence of vitamin D sufficiency. Urinary levels of KIM-1 and MCP-1 were increased in patients compared to the control group. There was no relationship between low serum vitamin D levels and the likelihood of developing kidney disease. Conclusions: this study provides important data on the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with sickle cell anemia and demonstrates that there is no relationship between low levels of vitamin D and the development of kidney disease.

Evaluation of Abnormal Hemoglobin Variants and Hemoglobinopathies on D-10 analyzer – An Institutional Experience from North India.

Background: High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is the most commonly used method for detection and quantitative estimation of hemoglobin variants. Hemoglobinopathies are amongst the most common genetically inherited disorders, however, the exact magnitude of different hemoglobinopathies is obscure in India. This study was done with the aim of analyzing the different findings in HPLC using D-10 analyzer and evaluating the spectrum of different hemoglobin disorders in a hospital-based population of South Delhi. Such a prevalence study would be useful to review the various strategies that can be implemented for effective control and prevention of these disorders. Methods: A hospital based descriptive observational study was conducted in which all OPD and IPD patients who were advised HPLC during their clinical workup were included. Analysis of EDTA blood samples was done by Bio Rad D10 Dual program HPLC instrument. The exact percentage of HbA, HbA2, HbF and any other variant hemoglobin was estimated. Presumptive identification of hemoglobin variants was made primarily by their percentage, retention time (RT) and peak characteristics. HPLC findings were correlated with the clinical history, family history and the CBC and peripheral smear findings in all cases. Results: On HPLC analysis, 79% of the patients had no abnormality detected and the report was within normal limits. The commonest hemoglobinopathy was Beta Thalassemia Trait followed by HbE trait. The other hemoglobinopathies detected were HbD Punjab Heterozygous (3 cases, 0.5%), Beta thalassemia homozygous (3 cases, 0.5%), Sickle cell Heterozygous (2 cases, 0.3%), HbJ Meerut Heterozygous (2 cases, 0.3%). One case each of Sickle cell Homozygous (0.15%), Compound Heterozygous HbS/beta thalassemia trait (0.15%), HbE Homozygous (0.15%), Compound Heterozygous HbE/beta thalassemia trait (0.15%), and Homozygous delta beta thalassemia (0.15%) were also diagnosed. Conclusion: This study gives an important insight to the present day scenario of hemoglobinopathies in patients in South Delhi in relation to the hematological profile. It highlights the chromatogram findings of different hemoglobinopathies on the D10 analyzer. The comprehensive data obtained by such series can help in the formulation and development of infrastructure and policies for hemoglobinopathy prevention, diagnosis and management.

Pattern of Hemoglobinopathy among the Young Tribes of West Bengal: A Completely Different Scenario from Rest of India

Hemoglobinopathy is a major concern among the tribal population which constitutes 8.6% of the total population, and West Bengal (WB) is the home to 5.3 million tribes. The present study was conducted on 52,880 tribal school students from all the districts of WB. Written informed consent and peripheral blood were collected for complete blood count and high‑performance liquid chromatography analysis. Beta trait was 5.3%, sickle trait was 2.35%, and hemoglobin (Hb) E (HbE) trait was 1.4% in this population. About 37.8% of beta trait belonged to the Santal tribe and 21.5% belonged to Oraon. HbS is mainly found in Alipurduar and Jalpaiguri districts at the prevalence of 3.69% and 5.96%, respectively. HbE trait is found at 6.06% in Alipurduar, of which 51% of cases are from Mech tribe only found in this district. Unlike central and Western parts of India, HbS trait in WB was significantly low among the tribes. A high prevalence of consanguinity among the tribes is considered responsible for the high rate of hemoglobinopathy.

Frecuencia de hemoglobinopatías en mujeres embarazadas del programa de anemias por hematíes falciformes en Cuba / Frequency of hemoglobinopathies among pregnant women from the sickle cell anemia program in Cuba

Introducción: Las hemoglobinopatías se consideran errores monogénicos hereditarios y están caracterizados por defectos en la molécula de hemoglobina. En Cuba, la detección prenatal de hemoglobinopatías se realiza a través de la electroforesis de hemoglobina para identificar parejas de alto riesgo. El programa brinda: asesoramiento genético, diagnóstico prenatal molecular e interrupciones selectivas de fetos afectados, a solicitud de las parejas. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de hemoglobinopatías en mujeres embarazadas residentes en Cuba. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y de corte transversal para determinar la frecuencia de hemoglobinopatías en 1 342 917 mujeres embarazadas captadas en el periodo 2009-2019. El método diagnóstico de la pesquisa fue la electroforesis de hemoglobina en geles de agarosa a pH alcalino. La confirmación se realizó por electroforesis de hemoglobina en gel de agarosa a pH ácido; ambos métodos mediante la tecnología HYDRASYS. Resultados: La frecuencia global de embarazadas con hemoglobinopatías fue de 3,5 por ciento. Se detectó hemoglobinopatías en 47 465 mujeres; 38 698 con variante S heterocigoto, 8 706 variantes de hemoglobina C y 158 de otras variantes. Se detectaron 44 283 esposos con hemoglobinopatías, 3 099 parejas de alto riesgo y se realizaron 2 689 diagnósticos prenatales moleculares. Se confirmaron 522 fetos afectados y 382 parejas solicitaron la interrupción del embarazo. El subprograma alcanzó 99,24 por ciento de cobertura en el país. Conclusión: La alta frecuencia de hemoglobinopatías en Cuba justifica la importancia de continuar el subprograma de detección de portadores para prevenir la aparición de las formas graves de la enfermedad(AU)

Introduction: Hemoglobinopathies are hereditary monogenic errors characterized by defects in the hemoglobin molecule. In Cuba, prenatal detection of hemoglobinopathies is performed by hemoglobin electrophoresis to identify high-risk couples. The program offers genetic counseling, prenatal molecular diagnosis and selective pregnancy termination in case of affected fetuses at the request of couples. Objective: Determine the frequency of hemoglobinopathies among pregnant women living in Cuba. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted to determine the frequency of hemoglobinopathies in 1 342 917 pregnant women recruited in the period 2009-2019. Screening was based on the diagnostic method of hemoglobin electrophoresis in alkaline pH agarose gels. Confirmation was performed with hemoglobin electrophoresis in acid pH agarose gel. Both methods used HYDRASYS technology. Results: Overall frequency of pregnant women with hemoglobinopathies was 3.5 percent. Hemoglobinopathies were detected in 47 465 women: 38 698 with variant S heterozygote, 8 706 with variants of hemoglobin C y 158 with other variants. 44 283 husbands with hemoglobinopathies and 3 099 high-risk couples were detected, and 2 689 prenatal molecular diagnostic tests were conducted. A total 522 affected fetuses were confirmed, and 382 couples requested pregnancy termination. The subprogram achieved 99.24 percent coverage in the country. Conclusion: The high frequency of hemoglobinopathies in Cuba justifies the importance of continuing the carrier detection subprogram to prevent the emergence of severe forms of the disease(AU)

Patologías del niño inmigrante en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos: actualización / Pathologies of the immigrant child in the Intensive Care Unit: update

Resumen: Cada vez es más frecuente la atención médica en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) de niños o adolescentes inmigrantes como también de aquellos nacidos en nuestro país con padres en tal condición. Esto ha ocasionado, en la actualidad, que el equipo de salud se deba enfrentar con problemas diagnósticos derivados del escaso conocimiento de condiciones genéticas propias de esta población y/o el desarrollo de diversas patologías infrecuentes en nuestro país, algunas resultantes de su condi ción sanitaria. En esta revisión se abordan diversos aspectos de la patología hematológica, infecciosa, parasitaria, respiratoria y cardiovascular, todos tópicos relevantes de conocer durante su estadía en la UCI. Es un deber del equipo de salud actualizarse sobre patologías de baja prevalencia en nuestro país, algunas de ellas muy poco conocidas hasta hace una década, pero que, actualmente, están cada vez más presentes en las UCI del sistema de salud público chileno.

Abstract: It is increasingly common to provide medical care in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for immigrant children and adolescents as well as those born in Chile with parents in such condition. Currently, this has caused that the health team has to face diverse infrequent pathologies in our country and/ or diagnostic problems derive from the poor knowledge of genetic conditions of this population, some resulting from their health conditions. This review addresses several aspects of hematological, infectious, parasitic, respiratory, and cardiovascular pathologies, all relevant topics to know during their stay in the ICU. It is a duty of the health team to be updated on pathologies of low prevalence in our country, some of them very little known until a decade ago, but which are currently increasingly present in the ICUs of the Chilean public health system.

Sickle cell disease presenting in the third trimester of pregnancy: Delayed detection heralding a public health problem?

We report the case of a 22-year-old primigravida detected as having sickle cell disease (SCD), initially presenting in the third trimester (30th week) of pregnancy. The patient came to our center with a complaint of severe lower limb pain. The peripheral smear showed marked anisopoikilocytosis, numerous leptocytes, sickle cells, and target cells. High-performance liquid chromatography corroborated the diagnosis of SCD, showing a significant peak in the sickle window. The patient was conservatively managed and delivered a healthy baby through normal vaginal delivery. Delayed presentation of SCD in the third trimester of pregnancy is unusual. This report aims to bring attention to the possible causes of such a lag in detection. We also suggest measures to refine the antenatal healthcare screening at multiple levels, with regard to the detection of sickle cell hemoglobinopathy.

Pregnancy Outcome in Women with Sickle Cell Hemoglobinopathy and Normal Hemoglobin – A Case–Control Study

Introduction: Pregnancy in sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with an increased risk of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Objective: The objective of this study was to study the maternal and perinatal outcome of pregnancy in women with SCD/trait. Methods: This is a comparative study. Study group (subjects) consisted of 128 pregnant women with SCD/sickle cell trait who were attending the antenatal clinic or were admitted in obstetric wards and followed up until the 7th day after delivery. The control group consisted of 256 age and gravidity matched pregnant women who did not have SCD/trait recruited from the same hospital. Results: Statistically significant complications during pregnancy included anemia, crisis, and preeclampsia. Incidence of preterm deliveries, cesarean section, adverse fetal outcome in terms of stillbirths intrauterine deaths early neonatal deaths, and low birth weight was not significantly higher in the study group than in the control group. Conclusion: Incidence of preeclampsia (P = 0.0001) and congestive cardiac failure (P = 0.0001) was significantly high among the women with SCD.

Úlceras de perna em pacientes com anemia falciforme / Leg ulcers in sickle cell disease patients

Resumo As úlceras de perna são as complicações cutâneas mais comuns em pacientes com anemia falciforme. Acometem principalmente indivíduos homozigotos e são lesões de difícil cicatrização e recidivantes, com impactos físicos, psicológicos e econômicos. Neste trabalho, discutimos a apresentação clínica, o diagnóstico, a fisiopatologia das úlceras falcêmicas e as suas implicações sobre a terapêutica.

Abstract Leg ulcers are the most common cutaneous complication of sickle cell disease. These lesions occur mainly in homozygous forms, are slow to heal and often relapse, causing negative physical, emotional, and economic impacts. In this paper, we discuss the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and pathophysiology of sickle cell leg ulcers and their implications for treatment.

Wide range of F cell levels in healthy Thai adults: Influence of Swiss-type hereditary persistence of foetal haemoglobin & ?-haemoglobinopathy

Background & objectives: Swiss-type hereditary persistence of foetal haemoglobin (HPFH) has been shown to be responsible for the wide range of F cell levels in healthy Thai adults. However, a survey for F cells in healthy Thai adults has not been performed. This study was conducted to determine the F cell distribution in adult Thai blood donors and to assess the possible involvement of ?-thalassaemia and haemoglobin E (HbE) carriers in increased HbF levels. Methods: Thai blood donors (n=375, 205 males and 170 females) were included in the study. Blood samples were collected for measuring haemoglobin (Hb) concentration and haematocrit (Hct) and F cell levels. Hb and Hct levels were determined by automated blood counter, while F cells were quantified by flow cytometric analysis of F cells stained by fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated anti ?-globin monoclonal antibody. Finally, F cell levels were compared between blood samples having mean corpuscular volume (MCV ) <80 fl and ?80 fl as well as between ?-haemoglobinopathies (HbE and ?-thalassaemia carriers) and normal adults. Results: F cell levels varied markedly spanning 0.80-39.2 per cent with a positively skewed distribution. Thirty two per cent of these individuals had F cell levels more than the 4.5 per cent cut-off point. F cell levels in females were significantly higher than those in males (P<0.05). F cell levels in individuals having MCV <80 fl were significantly higher than those having MCV ?80 fl (P<0.05). ?-haemoglobinopathy (HbE and ?-thalassaemia carriers) had significantly higher F cell levels than normal individuals (P<0.05). Interpretation & conclusions: The present results showed that besides Swiss-type HPFH, the ?-haemoglobinopathy was expected to be involved in increased F cell levels in adult Thais. Thus, influence of ?-haemoglobinopathy must be considered in interpreting F cell levels in area endemic of this globin disorder.

Anemia hemolítica autoinmune por crioaglutininas y crisis aplásica en una paciente con hemoglobinopatía SC / Autoimmune hemolytic anemia with cryoagglutinins and aplastic crisis in a patient with SC hemoglobinopathy

La infección por parvovirus B19 humano, es la causa de la mayor parte de los casos de crisis aplásica transitoria que aparecen de forma brusca en pacientes con enfermedades hemolíticas crónicas, como es el caso de la drepanocitosis. Por otra parte, se han descrito unos pocos casos de infección aguda, por parvovirus B19 humano como causa de anemia hemolítica autoinmune, por medio de la formación de anticuerpos dirigidos contra los glóbulos rojos. La asociación entre drepanocitosis y anemias hemolíticas autoinmunes es poco frecuente. Se reporta un caso poco usual de una paciente adulta, con antecedentes de hemoglobinopatía S/C que presentó una crisis aplásica y posteriormente apareció una anemia hemolítica autoinmune diagnosticada en el Instituto de Hematología e Inmunología. Se trató con dosis inmunosupresoras de esteroide, con lo que se alcanzó la remisión de la anemia hemolítica autoinmune(AU)

Infection with human B19 parvovirus is the cause of most cases of transient aplastic crisis that appear in patients with chronic hemolytic diseases, as in the case of sickle cell disease. On the other hand, a few cases of acute infection by human parvovirus B19 have been described as a cause of autoimmune hemolytic anemia, through the formation of antibodies directed against red blood cells. The association between sickle cell disease and autoimmune hemolytic anemia is rare. We report an unusual case of an adult patient, with a history of S C hemoglobinopathy who presented an aplastic crisis and subsequently an autoimmune hemolytic anemia diagnosed at the Institute of Hematology and Immunology, treated with high steroids doses, reaching the remission of autoimmune hemolytic anemia and constitutes the first report in Cuba(AU)

Comparative study of solubility and hemoglobin electrophoresis with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for screening of hemoglobinopathies and thalassemia: Study from central India

Introduction: High prevalence of hemoglobinopathies is seen in central India, screening and genetic counseling are essential for early detection and management. Aim: The retrospective study was performed at Regional hemoglobinopathy detection and management centre (RHDMC) Nagpur, central India to find out relative frequencies of hemoglobinopathies and thalassemia present using solubility test, hemoglobin electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as screening method and to compare results of HPLC with solubility and electrophoresis. Materials and methods: A total of 105,211 cases were screened for sickle cell disease (SCD) and sickle cell trait (SCT) by solubility test during the period of January 2003 to January 2014. Of these 105,211 samples, 60,000 samples which were solubility positive, with doubtful solubility and solubility negative but suspicious for hemoglobinopathy and thalassemia also the cases of anemia were studied by hemoglobin electrophoresis at alkaline pH 8.6. Of which 5,111 cases were further Shrikhande Anuradha V., Pawar Prajkta S. Comparative study of solubility and hemoglobin electrophoresis with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for screening of hemoglobinopathies and thalassemia: Study from central India. IAIM, 2019; 6(3): 111-126. Page 112 studied by HPLC and results of HPLC were compared with combined solubility and Hb electrophoresis. Results: Of 105,211 cases screened for hemoglobinopathy by solubility and electrophoresis, 12,979 (12.33%) were having sickle cell trait (SCT) and 3,062 (2.91%) were of sickle cell disease (SCD). Of 5,111 (100%) HPLC study cases, total SCD and SCT were 3,132 (61.27%) followed by 315 (6.16%) of beta-thalassemia trait and 264 (5.16%) cases of compound heterozygous for HbS and betathalassemia. Hemoglobinopathies E and D alone and its combination with HbS or beta-thalassemia were also found. Rare cases of HbD Iran, HbJ variant and HbQ India, Hb Abruzzo and delta-beta thalassemia were detected. Combined solubility and hemoglobin electrophoresis was effective for diagnosis of SCD and SCT when compared to HPLC with good agreement between two test by kappa statistics, however for detection of beta-thalassemia trait and for compound heterozygous for HbS and beta-thalassemia false negatives cases were more, chi square test showed highly significant P value <0.01. Conclusion: Combined solubility and electrophoresis are simple and cost effective alternative to HPLC for screening large population with high prevalence of SCD when resources are limited but for beta-thalassemia screening HPLC is mandatory.

Clinical and hematological profile in a newborn cohort with hemoglobin SC / Perfil clínico e hematológico em uma coorte neonatal com hemoglobina SC

Abstract Objectives: Hemoglobin SC is the second most common variant of sickle-cell disease worldwide, after hemoglobin SS. The objectives of the study were to describe the clinical and laboratory characteristics of hemoglobin SC disease in children from a newborn screening program and treated at a blood center. Methodology: This study assessed a cohort of 461 infants born between 01/01/1999 and 12/31/2012 and followed-up until 12/31/2014. Clinical events were expressed as rates for 100 patient-years, with 95% confidence intervals. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were created. Results: The median age of patients was 9.2 years; 47.5% were female. Mean values of blood tests were: hemoglobin, 10.5 g/dL; reticulocytes, 3.4%; white blood cells, 11.24 × 109/L; platelets, 337.1 × 109/L; and fetal hemoglobin, 6.3%. Clinical events: acute splenic sequestration in 14.8%, blood transfusion 23.4%, overt stroke in 0.2%. The incidence of painful vaso-occlusive episodes was 51 (48.9-53.4) per 100 patient-years and that of infections, 62.2 episodes (59.8-64.8) per 100 patient-years. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (n = 71) was normal given the current reference values for SS patients. Hydroxyurea was given to ten children, all of whom improvement of painful crises. Retinopathy was observed in 20.3% of 59 children who underwent ophthalmoscopy. Avascular necrosis was detected in seven of 12 patients evaluated, predominantly in the left femur. Echocardiogram compatible with pulmonary hypertension was recorded in 4.6% of 130 children, with an estimated average systolic pulmonary artery pressure of 33.5 mmHg. The mortality rate from all causes was 4.3%. Conclusions: Clinical severity is variable in SC hemoglobinopathy. Several children have severe manifestations similar to those with SS disease.

Resumo Objetivos: A hemoglobinopatia SC é a segunda variante mais comum da doença falciforme no mundo, após a hemoglobinopatia SS. Os objetivos do estudo foram descrever as características clínicas e laboratoriais da hemoglobinopatia SC em recém-nascidos diagnosticados por programa de triagem neonatal e encaminhados para acompanhamento em hemocentro. Metodologia: Coorte de 461 recém-nascidos SC nascidos entre 01/01/1999 e 31/12/2012 e seguidos até 31/12/2014. A incidência de eventos clínicos foi expressa por taxas relativas a 100 pacientes-ano, com limites de confiança a 95%. Curvas de sobrevida foram construídas segundo Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: Mediana de idade, 9,2 anos; 47,5%, feminino. Médias dos valores hematológicos: hemoglobina 10,5 g/dL; reticulócitos 3,4%; leucometria 11,24 x 109/L; plaquetometria 337,1x109/L; hemoglobina fetal 6,3%. Eventos clínicos: sequestro esplênico agudo em 14,8%, hemotransfusão 23,4%, AVC isquêmico 0,2%. A incidência de episódios vaso-oclusivos dolorosos foi de 51 (48,9-53,4) por 100 pacientes-ano; a de infecções, 62,2 episódios (59,8-64,8) por 100 pacientes-ano. Doppler transcraniano (n = 71) foi normal, se usados os valores de referência de crianças SS. Dez pacientes usaram hidroxiureia, todos com melhoria das crises dolorosas. Retinopatia foi observada em 20,3% das 59 crianças que fizeram fundoscopia. Necrose avascular foi detectada em 7 de 12 pacientes avaliados, com predomínio no fêmur esquerdo. Ecocardiograma compatível com hipertensão pulmonar foi registrado em 4,6% de 130 crianças, com média estimada de 33,5 mm Hg de pressão arterial pulmonar. A taxa de mortalidade por todas as causas foi de 4,3%. Conclusões: A hemoglobinopatia SC tem gravidade variável; várias crianças apresentam manifestações clínicas intensas, semelhantes às da hemoglobinopatia SS.

External quality survey results of newborn hemoglobinopathy in China / 中华检验医学杂志

Objective To evaluate the results of 2017 external quality assessment for newborn hemoglobinopathyand improve the quality of disease screening .Methods Each of 26 participating laboratories testing newborn hemoglobinopathy across the country received 5 batches of quality control blood spots ( Lot 201711-201715 ) in octorber 2017.Laboratories voluntarily participated in the survey and reported the results, methods, equipments and reagents information .Clinet EQA, and Microsoft Excel 2010 were used to perform statistical analysis on the laboratory test results .The rates of accuracy ( number of correct results/total number of submitted results ) were used for evaluating the performance of laboratories . Results 24 laboratories submitted the testing results with a return rate of 80.8%(21/26).The rates of accuracy for each lot were 100%(21/21), 90.5%(19/21), 90.5%(19/21), 57.1%(12/21) and 100%(21/21 ) respectively.Conclusions The results of this external quality assessment for newborn hemoglobinopathy is generally satisfactory , except for HbBarts′and HbA2.The screening laboratories should improve their quality control system , take timely measures to correct mistakes during the analytic period and improve the accuracy of screening tests for newborn hemoglobinopathy.

Talasemias: Aspectos clínicos / Thalassemias: Clinical aspects / Talassemias: Aspectos clínicos

Los síndromes talasémicos, junto con las hemoglobinopatías talasémicas, las hemoglobinopatías estructurales y los síndromes de sobreexpresión representan las diferentes formas clínicas de las hemoglobinopatías. Los defectos genéticos responsables de los síndromes talasémicos determinan la síntesis disminuída o nula de la cadena de globina correspondiente. Según la cadena cuya síntesis es defectuosa, los síndromes talasémicos se clasifican en a-talasemias, b-talasemias, etc. Según las diferentes combinaciones de fenotipos particulares, las a-talasemias se clasifican en silente, portador, enfermedad con hemoglobina H e hidropesía fetal, y las b-talasemias en menor, intermedia y mayor. La sospecha diagnóstica de los síndromes talasémicos leves y de las hemoglobinopatías talasémicas es fácil a partir de la anemia leve con marcada microcitosis hipocrómica, ausencia indudable de ferropenia y cuadro familiar positivo. La electroforesis de hemoglobina con una cuantificación de hemoglobina A2 mayor de 3,5% prácticamente confirma el diagnóstico de una b-talasemia menor, mientras que una hemoglobina A2 normal o disminuida va a hacer sospechar una a-talasemia leve cuyo diagnóstico debe ser confirmado por estudio de ADN. Una vez establecida la condición talasémica del propósito es imprescindible identificar qué familiares consanguíneos son o no portadores del mismo gen talasémico, y estudiar a los cónyuges de los talasémicos detectados, a fin de prever, a través del consejo genético, el nacimiento de hijos homocigotas o doble heterocigotas con formas más severas de talasemias o hemoglobinopatías.

Thalassemic syndromes, together with thalassemic hemoglobinopathies, structural hemoglobinopathies and over-expression syndromes represent the different clinical presentations of hemoglobinopathies, which are the mutational or deletional defects of globin genes. Genetic defects responsible for thalassemic syndromes determine a reduced or a lack of synthesis of the related chain. According to the defective synthesized chain, thalassemias are classified into a-thalassemias, b-thalassemias, etc. Depending on the different combinations of two or more phenotypes, a-thalassemias are classified into silent, carrier, Hb H disease and fetal hydrops, while b-thalassemias are classified into minor, intermediate and major b-thalassemia. Diagnostic suspicion of mild thalassemic syndromes and thalassemic hemoglobinopathies is easy based on a mild anemia with pronounced microcytosis and hypochromia, unquestionable absence of iron deficiency and positive family background. Hemoglobin electrophoresis with A2 hemoglobin level higher than 3.5% almost confirms a b-thalassemia minor, while a low or normal A2 hemoglobin level makes mild a-thalassemia suspicious and diagnosis must be confirmed by DNA study. Once the thalassemic condition of the propositus is confirmed, it is essential to identify which consanguineous relatives are or are not carriers of the same thalassemic gene, and then to study the couples of all already identified thalassemic relatives, in order to forecast, through genetic counselling, the birth of homozygous or double heterozygous children with more severe thalassemic or hemoglobinopathic conditions.

As síndromes talassêmicas, junto com as hemoglobinopatias talassêmicas, as hemoglobinopatias estruturais e as síndromes de sobre-expressão representam as diferentes formas clínicas das hemoglobinopatias. Os defeitos genéticos responsáveis pelas síndromes talassêmicas determinam a síntese diminuída ou nula da cadeia de globina correspondente. Segundo a cadeia cuja síntese é defeituosa, as síndromes talassêmicas são classificadas em a-talassemias, b-talassemias, etc. Conforme as diferentes combinações de fenótipos particulares, as a-talassemias são classificadas em silente, portador, doença com hemoglobina H e hidropesia fetal, e as b-talassemias em menor, intermediária e maior. A suspeita diagnóstica das síndromes talassêmicas leves e das hemoglobinopatias talassêmicas é fácil a partir da anemia leve com marcada microcitose hipocrômica, ausência induvidável de ferropenia e quadro familiar positivo. A eletroforese de hemoglobina com uma quantificação de hemoglobina A2 maior de 3,5% praticamente confirma o diagnóstico de uma b-talassemia menor, ao passo que uma hemoglobina A2 normal ou diminuída vai fazer suspeitar uma a-talassemia leve cujo diagnóstico deve ser confirmado por estudo de DNA. Assim que é estabelecida a condição talassêmica do propósito, é imprescindível identificar quais são os familiares consanguíneos e quais não são portadores do mesmo gene talassêmico, e estudar os cônjuges dos talassêmicos detectados, visando a prever, através do conselho genético, o nascimento de filhos homozigotas ou duplo-heterozigotas com formas mais severas de talassemias ou hemoglobinopatias.

Prevalence of hemoglobinopathies in school children: the importance of using confirmatory methods / Prevalência das hemoglobinopatias em crianças em idade escolar: a importância do uso de métodos de confirmação

The hemoglobinopathies are included among the most common genetic diseases in the world. In Brazil, hemoglobinopathies are related to the diversity of racial backgrounds and the degree of interbreeding. The study focused on the prevalence of hemoglobinopathies using conventional and confirmatory laboratory tests in children from public schools in Ribeirão Preto-SP. The study involved the participation of 427 children between six and nine years of age. Hematologic evaluation, hemoglobin electrophoresis on cellulose acetate at alkaline pH, quantification of hemoglobin fractions by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and detection of -α^3.7 deletion for α thalassemia by polymerase chain reaction were performed. The results of hemoglobin electrophoresis on cellulose acetate and HPLC of the children studied showed the presence of 30 children (7%) with hemoglobinopathies. Eleven children presented results indicating suspicion of S/β-thalassemia; their parents and/or siblings were evaluated and confirmed the presence of only Hb S. The analysis of deletion -α^3.7to characterize α-thalassemias sampling performed on 207 participants identified 26 children (12.6%) with deletion -α^3.7. Thus, 54 (12.6%) of the children studied present this genetic alteration. For the detection of α-thalassemias it is necessary to use confirmatory methods such as molecular analysis and evaluation of family members in doubtful cases to facilitate genetic counseling in families, in which deletion -α^3.7 is more frequent in Brazil...

As hemoglobinopatias estão incluídas nas doenças genéticas mais comuns no mundo. No Brasil, as hemoglobinopatias são relatadas pela diversidade racial e o grau de miscigenação. O estudo focou a prevalência das hemoglobinopatias usando métodos laboratoriais convencionais como a eletroforese de hemoglobina em acetato de celulose em pH alcalino e confirmatório por reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR) em crianças de escolas públicas de Ribeirão Preto-SP. O estudo envolveu a participação de 427 crianças entre 6-9 anos de idade. Determinaram-se os valores hematológicos, efetuou-se eletroforese de hemoglobina em acetato de celulose em pH alcalino, quantificação das frações de hemoglobina por HPLC e a detecção da deleção -α^3,7 pela PCR. Os resultados da eletroforese de hemoglobina em acetato de celulose e do HPLC, nas crianças estudadas, mostraram a presença de 30 crianças (7%) com hemoglobinopatias. Onze crianças apresentaram resultado indicando a suspeita de S/β-talassemia; seus pais e/ou irmãos confirmaram a presença de apenas a Hb S. A análise da deleção -α^3,7, uma das alterações que estão presentes na α-talassemia, realizada em 207 participantes, identificou 26 crianças (12,6%) com a deleção -α^3,7. Dessa forma, 54 (12,6%) das crianças estudadas apresentam hemoglobinopatias. Para a deleção da α-talassemias é necessário utilizar métodos confirmatórios como as análises moleculares e avaliação de membros da família, em casos duvidosos, facilitando o aconselhamento genético nas famílias, sendo a deleção -α^3,7 mais frequente no Brasil...

12 898 cases of full-automatic hemoglobin electrophoresis and result analysis / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To retrospectively analyze the result of hemoglobin(Hb)test by using full-automatic Hb electrophoresis and evaluate the its significance in hemoglobinopathy.Methods The data of patients who underwent Hb electrophoresis test and regular blood tests in the hospital from January 2011 to December 2013 were included in the study.The test results were recorded including mean corpuscular volume(MCV),mean corpuscular hemoglobin(MCH)and results of Hb electrophoresis test.Final diag-nosis were made for suspected patients by using genetic testing,then disease detection rates and gene coincidence rates and constitu-ent ratios were calculated.Results 12 898 cases were included in the study,after statistical analysis the MCV was(85.32±13.61) fL,MCH was(29.87±6.44)pg.By using automatic hemoglobin electrophoresis,1 315 cases were found to be positive,in which 568 were male,747 were female,the detection rate was 10.19%.In the 1 315 patients,there were 761 cases suspectedα-thalassemia,ac-counted for 5.90%.There were 495 cases of suspectedβ-thalassemia,accounted for 3.84%,11 patients with HbJ(0.08%),15 pa-tients with HbK(0.12%),9 patients with HbG(0.07%),3 patients with HbD(0.02%),21 patients with HbE(0.16%).The sus-pected case′s final diagnosis were made by using genetic testing,α-thalassemia gene′s coincidence rate was 80.55%,β-thalassemia gene′s coincidence rate was 96.77%.Conclusion Automatic hemoglobin electrophoresis detection is of great significance for the di-agnosis of hemoglobinopathy.

Hb Q in India: An uncommon hemoglobin variant diagnosed in two patients â Case series.

Hemoglobin Q-India (α 64 Asp→His) is an important member of the hemoglobin Q family, molecularly characterized by the replacement of aspartic acid by histidine. The first case of Hb Q India was reported by Sukumaran in 1972 in a Sindhi family with associated β-halassemia. India is known as a country with a high prevalence of α - and β-thalassemia and different types of hemoglobinopathy. Many of these variants are yet to be identified. Here, we are reporting two cases of Hb Q- India diagnosed during premarital thalassemia screening.

A Clinical Study on Hereditary Hemoglobinopathy: a Single Institute Experience / 임상소아혈액종양

BACKGROUND: Hemoglobinopathy is inherited anemia characterized by abnormal structure of one of the globin chains of the hemoglobin molecule and has been known to be rare in Korea. However, hemoglobinopathy in children has been reported more frequently than in past with the recent advancement of molecular testing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical and laboratory findings, prevalence and complications of hemoglobinopathy of children.METHODS: Data of pediatric patients diagnosed with hemoglobinopathy from 2002 to February 2014 at Ajou University Hospital were surveyed. We analyzed patients' characteristics from clinical and laboratory findings retrospectively.RESULTS: Among a total of 10 children who were diagnosed with hemoglobinopathy, 9 patients were confirmed hemoglobinopathy by gene analysis. Eight patients had beta thalassemia, 1 hemoglobin D disease, and 1 hemoglobin Koriyama. In most of the children, anemia was found incidentally and most of the children did not have symptoms. In the initial blood test, their mean hemoglobin concentration was 10.0 g/dL (range: 4.7-11.2 g/dL), mean corrected reticulocyte count was 3.9% (range: 0.9%-12.2%), and mean total bilirubin level was 1.0 mg/dL (range: 0.3-5.8 mg/dL).CONCLUSION: The analysis of clinical and laboratory features showed that the characteristics of each type of hemoglobinopathy were similar to that previously reported. We recommend considering hemoglobinopathy if pediatric patient presents with hemolytic anemia. A well organized diagnostic approach including molecular genetic analysis is needed for accurate diagnoses and appropriate management of hemoglobinopathy.

A Clinical Study on Hereditary Hemoglobinopathy: a Single Institute Experience / 임상소아혈액종양

BACKGROUND: Hemoglobinopathy is inherited anemia characterized by abnormal structure of one of the globin chains of the hemoglobin molecule and has been known to be rare in Korea. However, hemoglobinopathy in children has been reported more frequently than in past with the recent advancement of molecular testing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical and laboratory findings, prevalence and complications of hemoglobinopathy of children. METHODS: Data of pediatric patients diagnosed with hemoglobinopathy from 2002 to February 2014 at Ajou University Hospital were surveyed. We analyzed patients' characteristics from clinical and laboratory findings retrospectively. RESULTS: Among a total of 10 children who were diagnosed with hemoglobinopathy, 9 patients were confirmed hemoglobinopathy by gene analysis. Eight patients had beta thalassemia, 1 hemoglobin D disease, and 1 hemoglobin Koriyama. In most of the children, anemia was found incidentally and most of the children did not have symptoms. In the initial blood test, their mean hemoglobin concentration was 10.0 g/dL (range: 4.7-11.2 g/dL), mean corrected reticulocyte count was 3.9% (range: 0.9%-12.2%), and mean total bilirubin level was 1.0 mg/dL (range: 0.3-5.8 mg/dL). CONCLUSION: The analysis of clinical and laboratory features showed that the characteristics of each type of hemoglobinopathy were similar to that previously reported. We recommend considering hemoglobinopathy if pediatric patient presents with hemolytic anemia. A well organized diagnostic approach including molecular genetic analysis is needed for accurate diagnoses and appropriate management of hemoglobinopathy.